D5 

?35 

5? 


UC-NRLF 


2£ 

CO 

o 


I 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


Samurais  and  Their  Descendants. 


BY 


CAPTAIN    S.   SAKURAI,    I.   J.    NAVY 


DECEMBER    29,    1897. 

UNIV.  •>••• 
CALIFORNIA 


Printed  by  the  Chrysanthemum    publishing  Co..  305  parkin  Street 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  U.  S.  A. 


S3 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTES 


OLD  JAPAN. 

I. — Foundation  of  the  Japanese  Empire. 
II.— Japan  Under  Absolute  Monarchy. 
III. — Japan  in  Anarchical  State. 
IV, — Japan  Under  the  Shogunate. 

V. — Historical  Events. 
VI. — Society — The  Samurais. 
VII.— Civilization. 

NEW  JAPAN. 

VIII. — Arrival  of  Commodore  Perry  of  the  U.  S.  Navy. 
IX. — Revolution. 
X. — Reforms. 
XI. — Comparison  Between  Old  and  New  Japan. 

ACTUAL  STATE  OIv  MODERN  JAPAN. 

XII. — Some  Statistical  Figures. 

1st.     Area  and  Population.     Table  No.  I. 

2d.     Agriculture.     Table  No.  II. 

3d.     Industry.     Table  No.  III. 

4th.     Railroads.     Table  No.  IV. 

5th.     Horse  and  Electric  Cars.     Table  No.  V. 

6th.     Post  and  Telegraph.     Table  No.  VI. 

7th.     Ships  and  Lighthouses.     Table  No.  VII. 

8th.     Exports  and  Imports.     Tables  No.  VIII  and  IX. 

9th.     Education.     Tables  No.  X  and  XI. 
10th.     Army.     Tables  No.  XII  and  XIII. 
llth.     Navy.     Tables  No.  XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XVII. 
12th.     Finances,  National  Debts  and  Money.      Table  No.  XVIII, 

XIII.  Usages,  Customs,  Religion. 

XIV.  Conclusion. 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Group  of  Samurais. 

Lacquer  Work. 

Feudal  Castle. 

Entrance  Gate  of  the  Temple  in  Nikko. 

Daibutsu  of  Kamaktjra.  . 

H.  I.  J.  First  Class  Battle  Ship,  "Fuji." 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTES. 


Gentlemen : — 

About  two  months  ago,  Pro- 
fessor B.  Moses  gave  us,  in  this  hall, 
an  interesting  lecture  entitled  "Some 
Aspects  of  Japan."  Soon  afterward  I 
was  invited  by  Mr.  Eells,the  President 
of  the  Club,  of  which  I  have  recently 
had  the  honor  of  being  elected  a  mem- 
ber, to  read  a  paper  before  my  distin- 
guished fellow-members,  with  a  view 
to  give  them  some  more  information 
about  our  country. 

Although  quite  delighted  to  do  so, 
I  at  first  declined,  for  the  simple  rea- 
son that  I  do  not  speak  English  well 
enough.  But, as  he  insisted  upon  it,  I 
finally  decided  to  comply  with  his  de- 
sire ;  and  I  trust  I  can  rely  upon  your 
kind  indulgence. 

Many  travelers  from  this  country, as 
well  as  from  Europe,  have  visited  our 
country,  and  written  books  ab  out  the 
trip  and  personal  impressions  from 
their  point  of  view.  I  thought  it 


would  also  be  interesting  to  you,  to 
hea.  a  description  from  our  own  point 
of  view. 

As  you  know,  each  nation  has  its 
own  characteristics  and  history. 
Therefore,  it  follows  that  what  is 
good  for  one  country  is  not  necessarily 
fi  good  for  another.  Even  where  a  re- 
form of  a  certain  kind  is  imperative, 
it  must  be  done  step  by  step  and  modi- 
fied so  as  to  conform  strictly  with  the 
character,  social  conditions  and  prev- 
alent customs  of  the  individual  nation. 

For  this  reason,  I  will  begin  with  a 
short  review  of  the  historical  events  in 
our  country.  I  will  give  you  in  the 
first  place,  some  idea  of  Japan  in  the 
days  of  yore, before  the  arrival  of  Com- 
modore Perry,  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  at  Uraga  in  1853.  I  will  tell 
you  how  Japan  has,  in  a  short  space 
since  that  memorable  year,  undergone 
the  marvelous  'transformations  which 
the  whole  world  has  witnessed  with 
admiration;  and  then  I  will  proceed  to 
describe  the  actual  state  of  the  country, 
as  we  see  it  in  real  existence — modern 
Japan  in  its  true  light. 


312675 


OtD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


OLD  JAPAN. 


I.  FOUNDATION   OF  THE  JAPANESE 
EMPIRE. — The   early  part   of  our   his- 
tory belongs  to  Mythology ;   our  ances- 
tors were  gods,  and  our  country   is,  to 
this  day,  called  the  Land  of  the  Gods. 

The  first  Mikado,  or  Emperor,  as- 
cended tbe  throne  on  the  1 1th  of  Feb- 
ruary,660  B.  C.  This  memorable 
date  is  considered  as  the  beginning  of 
the  Japanese  Empire;  and  is  every 
year  celebrated  in  Japan,  just  as  the 
4th  of  July  is  in  this  country. 

II.  JAPAN  UNDER  ABSOLUTE  MONAR- 
CHY.— The   Mikado   was  a   ruler  with 
absolute  power  until  the  middle  of  the 
eleventh  century  A.  D.     At  that  time, 
the  two     clans,  Taira   and   Minamoto, 
grew   very   powerful,  and  the  Mikado 
gave    to   the   heads   of  both  clans  the 
supreme  military  commission,  probably 
in  order  to  check  each  other. 

III.  JAP  AN  IN  ANARCHICAL  STATE.— 
This  measure  was  the   cause   of  great 
and  lasting  trouble.     Through  the  con- 
tinual quarrel  of  the  two  clans,  engen- 
dered by  jealousy  of  each   other,    the 
country  fell  into  anarchy.     The    Mika- 
do, who   resided   at   Kyoto,  became   a 
nominal  head ;  and  the  actual   ruler  of 
Japan    was  he   who  was    strongest   in 
battle  fields.      The   Taira   and    Mina- 
moto families  struggled  for  supremacy 
during   a  century  and  a  half,  until  the 
former  was    finally  overthrown   at   the 
naval     battle    of    Dan-no-Ura    A.    D. 
1185. 

IV.  J  AP  AN  UNDER  THE  S  HOG  UNATE. — 

Yoritomo,  the  chief  of  the  Minamoto 
Clan,  obtained,  for  the  first  time  from 
the  court  of  Kyoto,  the  title  of  "Sho- 
gun,"  which  means  literally  "General- 
issimo," somewhat  similar  to  the 
Mayor  of  the  Palais,  under  the  Mero- 
vingian Dynasty  in  France.  Yoritomo 
chose  for  his  seat  of  administration 
the  town  of  Kamakura,  where  the 
famous  Daibutsu  stands  to-day. 

However,  the  Shogunate  was   never 
held  by  one  clan  for  a   long   time,  but 


was  continually  disputed  by  force. 
The  Hojo,  vassals  of  the  Minamoto , 
held,  under  the  name  of  Regents,  the 
reins  of  government  for  more  than 
a  century  (1205-1333,  A.  D.)  After 
the  Hojo  came  the  Ashikaga,  the  head 
of  which  clan  ruled  Japan  successively 
as  the  Shogun  from  1338  to  1597. 
But  the  Ashikaga  were  also  themselves 
destined  to  disappear  from  the  scene. 

After  the  fall  of  the  Ashikaga,  there 
arose  successively  three  great  men  :— 
Ota  Nobunaga,  Toyotomi  Hideyoshi 
and  Tokugawa  lyeyasu.  The  last 
named  put  an  end  to  the  long  civil  war, 
by  the  decisive  battle  fought  at  Sekiga- 
hara,  and  received  from  the  Mikado 
A.  D.  1603,  the  title  of  Shogun. 

lyeyasu  was  not  merely  an  able  gen- 
eral ,  but  also  a  great  statesman .  He 
remodeled  the  feudal  system  by  cen- 
tralizing all  authority  in  his  hand,  and 
by  distributing  a  great  part  of  the 
country  to  his  kinsmen  and  immediate 
followers,  to  be  held  as  fiefs. 

But  there  were  a  considerable  number 
of  powerful  Daimyos,  or  feudal  lords, 
who  had  acquired  their  lands  by  the 
might  of  swords,  and  who  were  equal 
to  the  Tokugawa  in  rank, though  not  in 
power.  They  looked  upon  the  succes- 
sive Shoguns  as  upstarts  and  usurpers 
of  authority,  and  constantly  sought,  in 
spite  of  close  and  vigilant  watch  on 
the  part  of  the  Tokugawa,  to  seize  an 
opportunity  to  overthrow  the  Shogun- 
ate. This  was  the  main  spring  of  the 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  revo- 
lution of  1867,  and  the  restoration  of 
the  Mikado  to  his  ancient  prestige,  as 
the  personification  of  all  virtue, 
and  fountain  of  all  honor. 

V.  HISTORICAL  EVENTS. —  Among 
many  others,!  will  state  here  the  two  fol- 
lowing : — The  one  which  brought  civili- 
zation into  Japan,  and  the  other  which 
served  to  prove  the  patriotism  of  the 
people. 

1.  The  introduction  of  Buddhism 
(552-621,  A.  D.)  Through  Buddhism 
Japan  was  brought  into  closer  contact 
with  the  Chinese  civilization.  Books 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


began  to  be  written  (A.D.  712.)  Math- 
ematical instruments  and  lunar  cal- 
endars were  adopted.  I  may  add  that 
the  doctrine  of  Confucius  also  gained 
ground  at  the  same  time. 

2.  The  repulsion  of  the  Mongol 
fleet,  sent  by  Kublai  Khan  with  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  adding  Japan  to  his 
gigantic  dominions.  This  was  at  the 
end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  during 
the  administration  of  the  Hojo.  Ja- 
pan has  never  since  been  attacked  from 
without  by  foreign  powers. 

VI. v  SOCIETY — THE  SAMURAIS. — The 
Society  in  Japan  under  the  feudal  sys- 
tem was  grouped  in  clans,  castes  and 
orders.  Outside  of  the  Imperial  fam- 
ily, we  had  as  lords,  the  Shogun  and 
the  Daimyos,  and  as  clients,  the  Sam- 
urais (the  Soldiers)  and  the  citizens 
(farmers,  artist,  merchants.)  The 
Samurais  class,  owing  to  its  military 
and  pclitical  influence,  has  always  been 
the  most  interesting,  and  is  worthy  of 
special  notice  here. 

The  long  period  of  civil  war  gave 
birth  to  the  peculiar  class  cf  Samurais. 
They  did  homage  to  the  feudal  Dai- 
myos, and  occupied  the  middle  rank  in 
society.  They  wore  two  swords  which 
symbolized  their  soul.  They  were 
trained  in  the  first  place  to  be  faithful 
even  unto  death  to  their  military  lords, 
from  whom  they  received  their  pen- 
sion. The  Samurais  were  chivalrous, 
patriotic,  industrious,  honest,  frank 
and  intelligent.  They  constituted  the 
best  educated  class.  To  them  honor 
was  everything,  life  and  property  of 
no  account.  The  anecdote  of  the 
forty-seven  ronins  gives  us  a  touching 
example  of  the  Samurais  spirit. 

Though  their  rank  seemed  rather 
servile,  nevertheless  they  exercised 
great  influence  upon  national  affairs. 
It  was  they  who  repulsed  foreign 
aggressions,  and  kept  Japan  unsoiled 
by  outsiders.  It  was  they  who,  by 
their  own  example,  kept  up,  to  a  high 
standard,  the  morality  of  the  nation. 
It  was  they  who  accomplished  the  rev- 
olution of  1867,  and  transformed  old 


Japan  into  the  new.  In  short,  the 
Samurais  were  the  spirit  of  Japan, 
flower  of  the  nation,  and  rampart  to 
our  I,ahd  of  Gods. 

The  Samurais'  characteristics,  des- 
cribed above,  are  termed  Yamato  Dam- 
ashii,  which  means  "the  Spirit  of  Ja- 
pan." This  spirit,  transmitted  from 
generation  to  generation,  has  been,  and 
is  still,  the  central  pivot  upon  which 
turn  the  vitality  and  prosperity  of  bur 
country. 

VII.  CIVILIZATION,  —  During  two 
centuries  and  a  half  we  lived  under  the 
Tokugawa's  rule  peacefully  and  iso- 
lated from  the  rest  of  the  world;  but 
we  were  always  on  guard  and  prepared 
for  whatever  might  happen.  The 
Daimyos  planned  the  defence  of  their 
provinces ;  the  Samurais  sharpened 
their  swords.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
arts  of  civilization  were  not  neglected. 
{The  Shogun  and  Daimyos  patronized 
culture  and  learning.  They  erected 
many  monuments  aud  statues  which 
are  still  existing.  They  built  temples 
for  their  ancestors,  palaces  and  castles 
for  their  own  residences.  The  fortifi- 
cations in  Osaka,  Nagoya  and  Tokio 
and  the  temples  in  Mikko  and  Kyoto 
alone  are  sufficient  to  show  how  highly 
our  genius  has  been  developed. 
Sword-blades,  which  are  yet  unsur- 
passed in  quality,  lacquer  work,  which 
Japan  still  monopolizes,  porcelain  and 
bronze  ware,  silk  goods,  tapestry  and 
embroidery,  wood  and  ivory  carving, 
water  coloring  etc.,  all  these  of  which 
Japan  is,  as  it  were,  an  inexhaustible 
mine,  show  skillfulness,  exquisite 
taste  and  great  power  of  imagination. 
The  Daibutsu  of  Kamakura,  a  bronze 
statue  fifty  feet  high,  cast  as  early  as 
A.  D.  1251,  is  to  this  day  considered  a 
masterpiece,  and  a  work  beyond  the 
conception  of  modern  experts. 

Literature,  poetry,  etc.  show  how 
highly  the  Samurais'  intellect  has  been 
cultivated.  The  principles  of  moral- 
ity, which  were  religion  to  the  Sam- 
urais, namely: — faithfulness  to  the 
master,  devotion  to  parents,  fidelity 


OL,D  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


between  husband  and  wife,  respect  to 
old  age,  kindness  to  the  young,  sincer- 
ity to  friends  etc.  have  never  been 
empty  words,  but  scrupulously  ob- 
served. 

We  thus  have  had  a  civilization  pe- 
culiarly our  own,  which,  although 
entirely  different  from  Western  ideals, 
has  attained  a  very  high  standard. 
The  Western  civilization  is  based  on 
material  advancement,  but  ours  rests 
upon  moral  and  ethical  perfection. 

In  spite  of  many  apparent  differ- 
ences, human  nature  is,  after  all,  the 
same  throughout  the  world.  When 
we  were  brought  into  contact  with 
Americans  and  Europeans,  we  were 
not  only  apt  to  appreciate  their  civili- 
zation, but  also  prepared  to  select  and 
assimilate  the  best  parts  of  it,  in  order 
to  supplement  and  strengthen  what 
was  good  and  worthy  to  be  retained 
in  our  own,  and  replace  what  was  prej- 
udicial to,  or  no  longer  needed  for,  our 
progress. 


NEW  JAPAN. 


VIII.  ARRIVAL  OF  COMMODORE  PKRRY 
OFTHE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY. — We  were 
thus  enj  oying  life  in  an  atmosphere  of 
peace  and  isolation,  when  we  saw  sud- 
denly, in  the  horizon,  a  cloud  of  dark 
smoke.  The  American  fleet,  under  the 
command  of  Commodore  Perry,  crossed 
the  Pacific,  and  anchored  at  Uraga  on 
the  13th  of  July,  1853. 

Commodore  Perry  opened  negotia- 
tions with  the  Shogun,  with  the  view 
of  persuading  Japan  to  enter  upon 
friendly  and  commercial  relations  with 
the  United  States  of  America.  The 
Government  of  Tokugawa  complied 
with  the  request  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  treaty  was  concluded  between 
the  two  countries.  Soon  afterward, 
England,  France  and  Russia  followed 
the  example  of  the  United  States. 

The  Shogun  thus  opened  to  the  bar- 
barians our  Land  of  the  Gods,  which, 
according  to  the  prevailing  spirit  of 


the  country,  should  never  have  been 
polluted  by  outsiders 

IX.  REVOLUTION. — This  gave  the 
mal-contented  Daimyos  a  good  pretext 
for  making  open  opposition  to  the 
Tokugawa  government;  and  they  made 
use  of  it  for  the  overthrowal  of  the 
Shogunate. 

In  order  to  perplex  the  government 
of  the  Shogun, the  Prince  of  Choshu,  one 
of  these  Daimyos,  fired  on  the  combined 
fleet  of  American,  English,  French 
and  Dutch  vessels  at  Shimonoseki,  in 
1863.  The  Shogun,  being  held  re- 
sponsible for  this  action,  was  com- 
pelled to  pay  to  the  powers  an  indem- 
nity of  three  million  dollars.  The 
Shogun  attempted  to  punish  the  inso- 
lent Prince  of  Choshu  for  his  out- 
rageous conduct,  but  failed. 

The  Mikado,  prompted  by  his  faithful 
Daimyos,  such  as  the  Prince  of  Sat- 
suma,  Choshu  Tosa,  Higen  etc.,  de- 
creed the  abolition  of  the  Shogunate. 
The  Shogun  submitted  to  the  order. 
By  this  single  act,  the  Mikado  became 
the  sole  wielder  of  all  authority,  both 
legislative  and  executive,  and  thus  re- 
gained his  rightful  prestige,  being  re- 
stored to  what  he  had  been  before  the 
Taira  and  Minamota's  time.  To- 
kio  was  chosen  for  the  Mikado's  cap- 
ital in  1868. 

The  first  phase  in  the  revolution  was 
thus  accomplished ;  and  then  followed 
the  most  remarkable  scene  history  has 
ever  witnessed.  The  leaders  of  the 
revolution  knew  from  the  beginning, or 
learned  after  the  experiences  in  the 
Shimonoseki  and  Kagoshima  bombard- 
ments, that  we,  with  the  YamatoDama- 
shii,  as  our  sole  weapon,  could 
not  stand  against  the  Western  peo- 
ple with  all  their  modern  ap- 
pliances. But  the  mass  of  the  peo- 
ple were  quite  ignorant  of  this,  and 
strongly  opposed  to  intercourse  with 
foreigners.  To  open  our  country,  or 
to  keep  it  closed  to  the  outside  world, 
became  therefore  a  question  of  life  or 
death.  The  leaders  abandoned  the  very 
arms  with  which  they  had  overthrown 
the  Shogunate;  turned  round  and  de- 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


clared  in  favor,  not  only  of  foreign  in- 
tercourse, but  also  of  the  adoption  of 
the  modern  civilization.  Since  then, 
they  have  carried  out  the  work  of  re- 
form and  progress,  with  energy  and 
determination. 

X.     REFORMS . — The     following   are 
the     important     events   and    measures 
during  late  years: — . 
In  1871.     The  abolition    of  the   feudal 
system,   and  the   establishment  of  a 
centralized  bureaucracy. 

The   introduction    of    postal    and 
telegraphic  systems. 

The  opening  of  a  mint  at  Osaka; 
the  American  system  of  coinage 
adopted. 

In  1872.  The  completion  of  the  first 
railroad.  The  proclamation  of  the 
Conscription  Law. 

In  1873.     The  substitution  of  the   Sol- 
ar Calendar   for   the   Chinese  Lunar 
Calendar. 
In    1875.      The   establishment   of    the 

Mitsubishi  Steamship  Company. 
In    1876.      The    commutation    of    the 
Samurais  pension. 

Edict     against     the     wearing     of 
swords  by  the  Samurais. 
In   1877*     The   first  national  industrial 

exhibition,  at  Ueno  in  Tokyo. 
In  1878.  The  establishment  of  the 
Bourse,  and  the  ,  Tokio  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  in  order  to  promote  the 
development  of  commercial  enter- 
prise. 

In  1880.  The  Penal  Code  and  the 
Code  for  Criminal  Procedure  were 
proclaimed  and  published. 
In  1883.  The  establishment  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Justice,  and  the  Bank 
of  Japan. 

The  United   States  government  re- 
turned to   us '$785, 000,    their  share 
of  the  Shimonoseki  indemnity. 
In  1884.     The  creation  of  an   order  of 
nobility,  after  the   European   model. 
In  1885.     The  conclusion   of  a   special 
treaty  with    China  regarding   Corean 
matters,      known     as     the    Tientsin 
Treaty,  the  violation   of  which   was 
the       cause  a.  of      the     China-Japan 
War  in  1894. 


In  1889.  The  Constitution  promul- 
gated (this  being  on  the  1 1th  of  Feb- 
ruary, just  2549  years  after  the 
foundation  of  the  Japanese  Empire), 
whereby  Japan  hitherto  under  an  ab- 
solute monarchical  system,  acquired 
a  constitutional  government,  similar 
to  that  of  Prussia  and  other  European 
States. 

A   treaty     ratified     with     Mexico. 
New  treaties   concluded  with   other 
Western  powers,  but  not  ratified. 
In    1890.     The    meeting     of    the    first 

Diet. 

In  1894.     The  China-Japan  War. 
In  1895.     The  annexation  of  Formosa. 
A   War   indemnity    of    $204,100,000 
from  China. 

In  1895.  Enlargement  of  the  Army 
and  Navy.  Extension  of  railroads. 
In  1896.  Law  for  the  protection  of 
navigation  and  ship-building.  Es- 
tablishment of  the  Oriental  Steam- 
ship Company. 

Old  Japan  is  no  more.  New  Japan,  as 
you  have  just  seen,  has  sprung  up  in 
a  quarter  of  a  century.  In  two  years 
time  the  consulate  jurisdiction  will  be 
abolished,  judicial  power  over  for- 
eign residents  will  be  in  our  hands, 
and  entire  Japan  will  be  opened  to  for- 
eign trade. 

XI .  COMPARISONS  B ETWKEN  OLD  AND 
NKW  JAPAN. — Now  that  we  are  thor- 
oughly acquainted  with  Old  and  New 
Japan,  it  is  convenient  for  the  sake  of 
comparison  to  have  their  main  features 
condensed  in  tabular  form  : — 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


Table  showing   difference  between   Old 
and  New  Japan. 


Points 
of    Compa 

rison 

Old  Japan 

New  Japan 

Rulers 

1st.   The    Mikado 

The  Mikado,  the  sole 

the  theoretical 

ruler 

head 

2nd.   The   Shogun 

the  actual  ruler 

Form    am 

The       Shogunate 

Constitutional     mon- 

System   o 

nominally    under 

archy     with    central- 

govern- 

the imperial  auth- 

ized bureaucracy  and 

ment 

ority,  with  feudal- 
ism and  independ- 

ministers responsible 
to  the  Sovereign 

ent    local    admin- 

istration 

Social 
Classifica- 

.    Kozoku,  Impe- 
rial family 

1.     Kozoku,  Imperial 
family 

tions 

2     Shogun 

2.    Kazoku,  nobles 

l     Daimyos 

I.    Shizoku 

I     Samurais 

4.    Heimin 

5     Citizens 

6    Priests 

Govern- 

Hereditary socia: 

Irrespective  of  social 

ment    Offi- 

ranks   considered 

classes 

cials 

in  appointment 

The   Armj 

Samurais,       with 
swords,        lances 

Regular  army  by  con- 
scription   and  organ- 

>ows and  later  on 

ized  after  French  and 

rifles 

jerman  systems,  with 

Murata         magazine 

rifles,     manufactured 

n  Japan,  guns,  can- 

nons, etc. 

The    Navy 

Sailing  junks 
with  smooth  bore 

Regular     sai  1  o  rs, 
rained       after      the 

guns;    no  regular 

English     syst  em; 

sailors 

Armor       clads, 

cruisers,      torpedo 

joats     of    most     im- 

Education 

?.ach  daimyo  had 

proved  type,  etc. 
Education  is  compul- 

lis State   college; 

sory  and  secular;  the 

>rivate      schools, 

Smpire      is      divided 

a  p  a  n  e  s  e    and 

nto    educational   de- 

.hinese      history, 

>artments;     kinder- 

iterature, compo- 

gartens,  primary  and 

ition,  writing,  etc; 

grammar     schools, 

loctrines  of   Con- 
fucius taught. 

x>ys  and  girls  togeth- 
r,  boys'  high  schools, 

^irls'    high     schools, 

olleges,      private 

chools  and  colleges. 

Two  Universities,  one 

n    Tokio    with    law, 

iterature,        science, 

ngineering,        medi- 

i  n  e     and    forestry, 

nd    agricultural 

epartments;    the 

ther    in    Kyoto 

vith  science  and   en- 

"yiiieering     depart- 

ments; college  of  for- 

igti   languages,  com- 

mercial school,  boys' 

normal  school,  girls' 

normal  school,  school 

f  fine  arts,  school  of 

music,     etc.,    all      in 

Tokio 

Religion 

'rohibition    of 
hristianity,    Sin- 

?reedom  of  belief 
intoism 

oism,    Buddhism 

uddhism 

Christianity 

Convey- 
ance 

C  a  n  g  o  ,     c  a  r  ts, 
orses,    sailing! 

Railroads,  steamships 
electric    cars,     horse 

junks 

?ars,   carriages,  jinri- 

kisha,  bicycle 

Posts    and 

No     regular     sys- 

Postal system  by  rail- 

Tele- 

tem in  existence, 

road,      steamships, 

graphs 

onl}'  letter  car- 

telegraph   and     tele- 

riers 

phone 

The  social  classification  given  in  the 
above  table  is  fictitious,  so  far  as  the 
Shizoku  and  the  Heimin  are  concerned, 
as  the  distinction  is  merely  historical, 
and  does  not  involve  any  question  of 
privileges.  The  proper  way  to  clas- 
sify would  be  as  follows  : — 

ist.     The  Imperial  family. 

2nd.  The  high  class  (including  all  the 
former  feudal  Daimyos,  and  the  newly 
created  nobles.) 

3rd.  The  middle  class  (including  all 
educated  people  having  official  or  social 
position.  They  are  mostly  descend- 
ants of  the  Samurais.) 

4th.  The  Lower  class.  The  two  fol- 
lowing questions  might  be  asked  here : 
1st.  What  has  become  of  the  so  inter- 
esting Samurais  class  and  their  Yamato- 
Damashii  ? 

It  is  true  that  the  feudal  system  was 
abolished,  that  the  Samurais  two 
swords  were  done  away  with,  and  also 
that  the  harakiri  is  now  out  of  fashion. 
But  Yamato-Damashii,  the  Samurais 
spirit,  still  remains  intact  in  the  heart 
of  those  occupying  the  middle  class. 
It  is  handed  down  from  father  to  son, 
by  a  national  will,  as  it  were,  and  is 
valued  more  than  anything  else.  Even 
as  Japan  herself,  the  Yamato-Damashii 
has  become  rejuvenated  by  being  em- 
embellished  with  the  best  modern  ideas. 
It  is  for  the  present  and  the  future, 
the  central  pivot  of  the  nation,  and  the 
key-stone  in  the  newly  built  structure 
of  society. 

2nd.  What  has  been  the  effect  of  the 
revolution  on  the  Japanese  fine  arts  ? 
Do  they  still  keep  their  high  traditional 
reputation  ? 

So  far  as  my  observation  goes,  I 
must  say,  in  this  respect, that  New 
Japan  is  inferior  to  the  Old,  except  in  a 
few  branches,  such  as  cloisonne  work. 
Formerly  a  great  number  of  artists, 
having  been  pensioned  by  the  Shogun 
or  the  Daimyos,  devoted  their  minds 
and  time,  not  for  the  sake  of  money, 
but  for  love  of  arts,  honor  and  repu- 
tation. Some  of  them  spent  their  life- 
time on  a  single  masterpiece.  But  to- 
day the  social  conditions  are  changed  : 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


artists  think  first  of  their  earnings,  and 
their  love  of  art  conies  next.  This  will 
perhaps  account  for  this  deterioration. 
A  few  words  more  before  I  conclude 
the  chapter.  Between  Old  and  New 
Japan  there  was  a  transitory  period,  in 
which  the  Samurais  wore  his  two 
swords,  with  a  pair  of  European  trou- 
sers, and  a  Schneider  rifle  on  his 
shoulder.  You  can  judge  the  rest  from 
this  single  example. 


ACTUAL 


STATE  OF 

JAPAN. 


MODERN 


XII.     SOME  STATISTICAL  FIGURES — I 


thus  a  fair  idea  can  be  had  of  the 
actual  state  of  our  country,  both  by 
itself  and  in  comparison  with  others. 

The  following  figures  are  taken  from 
the  "Resume  Statistique  de  1'  Empire 
de  Japan,"  published  on  the  20tlj,  day 
of  May,  1897,  by  order  of  the  Imperial 
Cabinet,  and  refer  to  the  years  1894 
and  1895.  I  chose  this,  as  the  statistics 
cover  the  period  immediately  preced- 
ing and  following  the  China-Japan  war 
and  serve  to  show  to  a  certain  extent 
the  consequences  of  the  war  upon  the 
social  and  economical  conditions  of  the 
country. 

1st.  AREA  AND  POPULATION.  (Table 
No.  I. — Japan  is  in  area  about  one 


Feudal  iCastle. 


have  in  the  preceding  article  shown 
pretty  fully  how  old  and  new  Japan 
differ  from  each  other. 

In  order  to  make  it  more  explicit, 
however,  I  will  now  describe  modern 
Japan  statistically  in  her  various 
respects  and  compare  it,  where  possi- 
ble, with  the  United  States.  I  hope 


twenty-second  that  of  the  United  States. 
Its  area  was  smaller  than  the  State  of 
California  before  the  acquisition  of 
Formosa,  though  now  a  little  larger. 
However,  its  population  and  that  of 
the  United  States  are  in  the  proportion 
of  two  to  three.  The  densities  of  the 
populations  are  respectively  286  and 


10 


OLJ3  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


17  per  square  mile;  that  is  our  country 
is  16  times  more  densely  populated 
than  yours. 

The  difference  in  extreme  temperature 

of  Tokio,  which   is  about  at  the  mean 

latitude  of  the  Empire,  is  not  so  great 

,as     in     Philadelphia    or     New     York, 

although  greater  than  in  San  Francisco. 

-       We  have  snow  all  over  the  country; 


Owing  to  the  greater  density  of  popula 
tion,  our  land  is  better  cultivated. 
This  is  especially  the  case  in  the 
central  part  of  the  main  island,  where 
every  small  bit  of  land  is  utilized.  We 
have  generally  two  harvests,  rice  in 
summer,  barley,  wheat  and  other  grains 
in  winter,  by  an  extensive  fertilization 
As  our  country  is  very  mountainous, 


Lacquer  Work. 


in  the  southern  part  very  little,  having 
only  five  or  seven  days  in  the  year,  but 
more  in  the  northern  part,  100  or  110 
days,  on  an  average,  a  year. 

The  climate  is  more  humid  than  in 
this  country,  and  consequently  in  sum- 
mer time  the  heat  is  very  sultry.     Some 
say  it  is  owing  to  this  fact  that  most  of 
our  flowers  have  little  or  no  smell. 
2nd.  AGRICULTURE.    (Table  No.  II.) 
In  this  respect  the  United  States  and 
Japan  show  a  very  marked   difference. 


and  land  is  so  minutely  subdivided,  the 
use  of  agricultural  machines  and  im- 
plements is  very  limited.  Ploughs  and 
spades,  either  worked  by  hand,  by 
horses,  or  by  oxen,  are,  generally 
speaking,  the  only  instruments  in  the 
hands  of  our  farmers. 

As  rice  is  the  most  important 
product,  the  greatest  part  of  our  culti- 
vated land  is  rice  fields.  The  rice 
fields  are  very  picturesque  and  add  to 
the  beauty  .of  the  landscape. 


OLD   AND  NEW  JAPAN 


11 


The  total  cultivated  land  covers 
26,166  square  miles;  thus  16  per  cent  of 
the  total  area  is  under  cultivation. 

The  number  of  agricultural  compan- 
ies in  1895  was  118. 

3rd.     INDUSTRY.    (Table  No.  III).— 

Under  this  heading  we  have  to  dis- 
tinguish: 

1st.  Japanese  industries  proper, 
such  as  the  making  of  Japanese  art 
works,  the  weaving  of  silk  and  cotton 


everything  is  done  by  hand.  This  is 
the  reason  why  it  can  be  produced  so 
cheaply  and  retains  the  originality  and 
peculiarity  which  can  never  be  imitated. 
2nd.  Industries  imported  from  west- 
ern countries,  such  as  cotton  mills, 
match  factories  and  chemical  works  *of 
all  kinds',  ship  and  engine  building 
works,  etc.,  etc.  In  these,  engines  and 
machinery  of  the  most  recent  type,  im- 
ported mostly  from  Europe  and  this 


Daibutsu    of  Kamakura. 


textures,  the  manufactures  of  Japanese 
paper,  the  refining  of  vegetable  oil  and 
wax,  etc.  In  these  branches  the  original 
Japanese  method  is  followed.  Simple 
machines,  or  contrivances  necessary 
are  worked,  either  by  hand,  or  by 
animal  or  water  power. 

If  we  inspect  Japanese  art  works,  we 
will  find  only  three  or  four  workmen 
on  an  average  in  each  establishment. 
Very  often,  they  are  all  of  one  family. 
The  father  teaches  the  sons  and  thus 
transmits  the  secret  and  method  pecu- 
liar to  the  family  from  generation  to 
generation. 

In   the  work  purely  Japanese  almost 


country,  are  used. 

Since  the  last  war  with  China,  the 
price  of  everything  is  doubled;  and 
salaries  and  wages  have  risen  in  the 
same  proportion.  Although  the  cost 
of  production  has  a  constant  tendency 
to  increase,  yet  it  is  at  present,  on  the 
whole,  very  much  less  than  in  this 
country. 

The  total  number  of  industrial  com- 
panies was  778  in  1895. 

4th.  .RAILROADS.  (Table  No.  IV).— 
The  first  railroad  in  Japan  was  built  in 
1872.  It  was  between  Tokio  and  Yoko- 
hama for  a  distance  of  about  17  miles. 
The  lines  between  Kobe  and  Osaka  fol- 


12 


OLD    AND   NEW   JAPAN 


lowed.  The  progress  was  slow.  In 
recent  years,  however,  a  sudden  im- 
petus was  given  to  the  enterprise,  so 
that  on  the  31st  of  December,  1896,  we 
had  2290.51  miles  in  service;  1368.49 
miles  under  construction. 

Since  then  there  has  been  still 
further  extension  and  increase  in 
mileage.  I  regret  much  that  I  am  not 
in  a  position  to  give  you  exact  figures. 

5th.  HORSE  AND  ELECTRIC  CARS. 
(Table  No.  V). — On  the  3ist  of  Decem- 
ber, 1895,  there  were  33.58  miles  horse 
car  rails,  3.70  miles  electric  car  rails. 

The  first  horse  car  line  was  opened 
in  Tokio  about  15  years  ago.  The 
electric  car  enterprise  is  only  at  its 
very  beginning. 

6th.  POST  AND  TELEGRAPHS.  (Table 
No.  VI). — The  regular  postal  and  tele- 
graphic service  was  organized  in  1871. 
In  the  fiscal  year  1895-1896,  we  had: 

Length  of  postal  lines  (including 
roads,  railways,  common  river  boat 
lines  and  steamer  lines,  54,939  miles; 
number  of  letters,  postal  cards,  paper, 
etc.,  per  head  of  the  population,  10.43; 
length  of  telegraphic  lines,  9,470  miles; 
number  of  telegrams  delivered  per  100 
of  the  population,  18.59. 

In  the  city  of  Tokio  letters,  postal 
cards,  etc.,  are  delivered  twelve  times 
a  day;  telegrams  are  delivered  at  once 
when  communication  is  received  at  the 
office  of  destination. 

The  telephone  lines  between  Tokio 
and  Yokohama  were  opened  in  Decem- 
ber, 1890,  and  the  one  between  Osaka 
and  Kobe  in  March,  1893. 

At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1895- 
1896  the  number  of  subscribers  to  tele- 
phones was  2,858,  and  the  length  of 
lines  was  17,751  miles. 

Posts,  telegraphs  and  telephones  are 
all  under  the  management  of  the  State. 

7th.  SHIPS  AND  LIGHTHOUSES.  (Table 
No.  VII).— On  the  31st  of  December, 
1895,  we  had  for  our  mercantile  fleet. 

No.  Ton.     H.  P. 

Steamers  827      213,321   43627 

S'lingjjtype   604,541  2,960,887 
Ships  IE  type*       702        41,471 

•'•'  Japanese  and  European  sailing  ships. 


During  the  last  war  with  China  there 
was  a  considerable  increase  in  large 
steamers. 

As  a  consequence  of  the  law  passed 
in  the  last  session  of  the  Diet  for  the 
protection  of  native  navigation  and 
ship  building,  two  steamship  lines  will 
shortly  be  opened,  one  between  Yoko- 
hama and  New  York  and  the  other 
between  Hong-Kong  and  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

The  number  of  small  boats,  con- 
structed after  the  model  of  native 
junks,  is  indeed  very  large.  It  is  at 
the  rate  of  thirty-five  boats  per  mile 
of  the  coast  line.  In  fine  weather, 
these  small,  mosquito-like  junks  cov- 
er the  whole  surface  of  the  sea  near  the 
coast  towns.  This  fact  must  not  be 
lightly  passed  upon,  as  these  boats  are 
a  sort  of  training  school  for  our  sailors, 
and  an  important  factor  in  the 
strength  of  the  navy. 

The  total  number  of  lighthouses 
and  lightships  was  298,  that  is  at  the 
rate  of  one  for  every  sixty  miles  of  the 
coast  lines. 

8th.  EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS.  (Ta- 
bles No.  VIII-IX.)— The  foreign  trade 
of  Japan  during  five  years,  1891  to 
1895,  is  remarkable  for  a  considerable 
excess  of  exports  over  imports,  in 
spite  of  a  slight  adverse  movement  in 
the  years  1895-1896,  in  consequence  of 
the  war. 

The  United  States  was,  during  this 
period,  our  greatest  and -best  customer, 
as  our  exports  to  this  country  exceed 
the  imports  by  about  $15,000,000  an- 
nually. 

Since  the  war  we  have  been  com- 
pelled to  strengthen  our  army  and 
navy  ;  and  this  led  the  government  to 
make  purchases  of  guns,  ammunition, 
and  other  materials,  abroad;  and  also 
to  the  construction  of  ironclads, 
cruisers  and  torpedo  boats,  in  foreign 
shipyards.  At  the  same  time,  sudden 
expansion  of  internal  industrial  enter- 
prises gave  rise  to  demand  for 
machines,  engines,  rails  and  locomo- 
tives. 

This   is   indeed   a  great   chance    for 


OU)  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


13 


American  mechanics  and  shipbuilders 
to  show  their  skill  and  dexterity  in  the 
expanding  market  of  the  Orient  and 
to  compete  with  Europeans,  who  have 
hitherto  monopolized  all  trade  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  America  has  made 
wonderful  progress  during  the  last  de- 
cade ;  especially  iu  steel  and  iron,  she 
is  considered,  both  in  quantity  and 
quality,  above  the  standard  reached  by 
Europe.  There  is  no  reason  why  she 
cannot  secure  a  share  of  our  trade, 
thus  bringing  equality  between  export 


marine  insurance  companies. 

9th.  EDUCATION.  (Tables  No.  X- 
XI). — The  modern  Japan  has  been  ini- 
tiated by  the  hand  cf  the  Samurais,  but 
their  work  would  not  have  been  of  any 
avail,  unless  continued  and  completed 
by  the  intelligence  and  energy  of  their 
descendants. 

In  1879  there  was  in  Japan,  only  one 
institution  which  was  called  a  college, 
and  in  which  foreign  professors  of 
several  nationalities  taught  sons  of  the 
Samurais  in  their  own  respective  Ian- 


Entrance   Gate   of  the  Temple  of  Nikko. 


and  import  trade,  to  our  mutual  ad- 
vantage, and  also  perpetuating  the 
cordial  friendly  relation  between  the 
two  countries. 

With  the  development  in  commer- 
cial and  industrial  enterprise,  there 
was  an  increase  in  the  number  of  banks, 
insurance  companies  and  other  kindred 
institutions.  At  the  end  of  the  fiscal 
year  1895-1896,  there  were  1019 
banks,  nine  life  insurance  companies, 
four  fire  insurance  companies  and  three 


guages.  The  students  who  had  distin- 
guished themselves  in  scholatic  attain- 
ments were  sent  abroad  by  the  gov- 
ernment to  complete  their  course  of 
learning. 

The  Imperial  University  at  Tokio 
was  founded  in  the  year  1888.  The 
course  of  study  comprises  the  follow- 
ing;—  Jurisprudence,  literature,  sci- 
ence, technology,  medicine  and  horti- 
culture. 

Upon  their  return  from  foreign  coun- 


14 


OLD   AND   NEW   JAPAN 


tries,  the  students  were  appointed  to 
several  important  offices  in  the  govern- 
ment to  assist  in  the  administration 
or  to  professorships  in  the  Imperial 
University  for  the  education  of  the 
younger  generation. 

The  beneficial  influence  of  education 
on  the  nation  in  causing  its  advance- 
ment and  development  has  indeed 
been  as  important  as  the  work  of  the 
Samurais'  swords,  which  opened  the 
way  for  the  transformation  of  Old  Ja- 
pan into  the  New. 

In  this  connection,  Mr.  Fukusawa's 
college  in  Tokip  is,  among  many  other 
private  schools,  worthy  of  mention. 
Many  eminent  and  enterprising  men 
have  been  furnished  .by  this  college 
to  business,  industrial  and  commercial 
circles. 

PRIMARY  EDUCATION. — The  educa- 
tion of  girls  and  boys  in  primary  schools 
is  compulsory.  It  is  secular  but  not 
gratuitous. 

The  age  limit  orbhildren  for  admis- 
sion in  schools  and  colleges  is:  From 
three  to  six,  kindergartens,  boys  vand 
girls  together,  from  six  to  fourteen 
primary  schools,  boys  and  girls  to- 
gether, (compulsory  from  six  to  ten), 
grammar  schools,  boys  and  girls 
together,  (compulsory  from  ten  to 
fourteen),  from  fourteen  to  sixteen, 
high  schools,  from  sixteen  to  nineteen, 
colleges,  from  -nineteen  to  twenty-two, 
universities. 

The  respect  paid  by  Japanese  pupils 
to  their  teachers  is  quite  remarkable. 
The  pupils  regard  their  teachers  even 
as  foster  parents,  which  feeling  contin- 
ues for  lifetime — A  thing  almost  un- 
heard of  elsewhere. 

The  number  of  pupils  receiving 
primary  education  is  85.61  per  1,000  of 
the  population ;  that  of  the  students 
receiving  higher  education  is  0.3  per 
1 ,000  of  the  population. 

10th.  THE  ARMY.-CTables  No.  XI- 
XII.)  Under  the  feudal  system  there  was 
no  standing  army.  Each  provincial  lord, 
the  Daimyo,  had  his  own  followers, 
the  Samurais,  who  were  soldiers  in 


time  of  war.  The  Mikado  had  no 
military  power.  During  the  revolu- 
tion and  long  after  it,  the  followers  of 
the  faithful  Imperialist  Daimyos  made 
up  the  army  on  the  Mikado's  side. 
After  the  abolition  of  the  feudal  sys- 
tem, a  law  was  decreed  organizing  the 
army  on  the  basis  of  conscription.  Ac- 
cording to  the  present  system,  the 
Kmperor  himself  has  the  supreme  com- 
mand of  the  army  and  navy.  All  able- 
bodied  males  of  the  age  are  to  serve 
in  the  standing  army,  three  years  in 
active  service,  and  four  years  in  the  re- 
serve. After  the  regular  service  they 
form  the  L,andwehr.  Further  in  time 
of  emergency,  the  L,and-sturm,  con- 
sisting of  all  the  males  between  the 
ages  of  seventeen  and  forty  years, will  be 
called  to  service. 

The  very  best  of  the  systems  and  or- 
ganizations, found  in  the  armies  of  the 
European  powers,  was  adopted.  For 
this  object,  celebrated  instructors  were 
engaged,  first  from  the  French  army, 
and,  later  on, from  the  German.  These 
instructors  did  very  good  service,  both 
as  professors  in  the  military  academy, 
and  also  as  advisers  to  the  administra- 
tion. 

The  last  of  these  French  and  German 
instructors  left  Japan  in  1887  and  1894, 
respectively.  At  present  the  military 
department  is  without  any  foreigner, 
and  everything  is  managed  by  our 
countrymen. 

On  December  31st  1895,  the  regular 
standing  army,  officers  and  men,  all 
told,  numbered  79,683,  which  is  at  the 
rate  «e>f  1 .8  per  1 ,000  of  population. 

The  army  expenditure  during  the 
fiscal  year  1893-1894  was  $6,158,249. 

llth.  THE  NAVY.  (Tables  No. 
XIV,  XV,  XVI,  XVII.)— The  circum- 
stances which  surrounded  the  creation 
of  our  navy  were  quite  different  from 
those  which  existed  at  the  initiation 
of  our  army  organization. 

Soon  after  the  rebellion  of  the  Jesu- 
its in  1637,  the  Shogun  issued  a  decree 
by  which  the  construction  and  even  the 
possession  of  all  large  vessels  were  pro- 


OLD    AND    NEW  JAPAN 


15 


hibitec.  This  decree,  having  been 
strictly  enforced,  suppressed  entirely 
our  mercantile  fleet  which  navigated 
frequently  up  to  that  time  to  China, 
India  and  even  so  far  as  to  Aden.  For 
more  than  a  century,  there  were  only 
small  vessels  fitted  for  coastwise  voy- 
ages. 

Thus,  while  we  had  men  and  materi- 
als already  on  hand  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  an  efficient  army,  we  had  noth- 
ing whatever  for  the  navy,  no  vessels, 
no  trained  officers,  no  men,  no  ship- 
yards worthy  of  the  name.  After  the 
restoration,  the  few  vessels  which 
belonged  to  the  Shogun  and  the  Dai- 
myos  were  either  impressed  by  or  vol- 
untarily giyen  up  to  the  government. 

The  first  fleet  of  the  Imperial  navy 
was  thus  organized.  The  system 
adopted  in  the  navy  is  chiefly  after  the 
British  model ;  and  officers  and  men 
were  trained  at  the  start  by  British  in- 
structors. 

The  present  strength  of  the  navy,  in- 
cluding the  ships  under  construction, 
consists  of  162  vessels,  of  which  the 
total  displacement  amounts  to  202,985 
tons. 

There  are  three  navy  yards;  Yokaska, 
Kure  and  Sasebo :  there  is  one  more 
under  construction. 

On  the  31st  of  December  1895,  the 
regular  seamen,  including  officers, 
numbered  13,920,  which  is  at  the  rate 
of  0.33  per  1,000  of  the  population. 

The    navy    expenditure 
fiscal  year   1893-94  was  $2,570,737. 

12th.      FINANCES.       Nz 
and  Money.— (Table  No.  XVIII. 
budget  for  the    fiscal  year    1896-97,  es- 
timates  the   revenue  and   expenditure 
of  the    country  as    follows:— 

Ordinary 

Revenue  Extraordinary 

Total 
Ordinary 

Expenditure  Extraordinary 

Total 

The  total  national  debt  am< 
the    end    of  the    fiscal  year  1895-96,  to 
$210,169,615.     According 
report,  it  stands  now  at   $187,786,291. 
This   is   about   $4,365   per  head  of  the 


population.  The  existing  debt  is  all 
internal  and  none  foreign. 

The  currency  of  the  country  was  es- 
timated on  the  30th  of  June,  last,  at 
$186,007,314.  Of  this  $40,286,778  are 
coins,  $96,651,334  the  Bank  of  Japan 
notes,  and  the  rest  the  government 
paper  money  and  national  bank  notes. 
The  law  establishing  the  gold  standard 
came  into  effect  on  the  1st  of  October 
last.  All  notes  issued  by  the  bank  are 
now  convertible  into  gold. 

XIII.  Us  AGE,  CUSTOMS,  RELIGION,  ETC. 
— In  matters  concerning  the  material 
features  of  a  nation,  it  is  easy  to  give 
statistical  figures  and  draw  compar- 
isons with  others.  It  is,  however, 
different  with  regard  to  the  immaterial 
features.  The  usages,  customs  and 
religion,  prevalent  in  a  country  are  the 
natural  development  from  its  history, 
geographical  situation  and  hundreds 
of  other  circumstances;  and,  further- 
more, the  peculiarities  can  not  easily 
be  changed. 

Thus,  in  spite  of  >so  many  changes, 
Japan  is  still  Japan.  A  great  number 
of  books  have  been  written  about  our 
habits  and  customs,  which  strike  for- 
eigners, because  so  different  from 
theirs.  There  is  no  denying  that  there 
is  great  difference  between  us  and 
Westerners  in  this  matter. 

The  following  are  examples  : — 

Japan          Western  Covmtries 


iring   the 

Language 

Ideographic 

Phonetic 

>,737. 

,o1       T)f»Kl- 

Writing  and 
Reading 

Up  and  down 
vertically  and 

Left  to  right  and 
horizontally 

Idl         .L/cUl 

ill.     The 

from  right  to 
left 

96-97,  es- 

Salutation 

With  respect, 

With     affection, 

penditure 

bowing  at    a 

shaking      hands 

distance 

aud  kissing 

$53,779,985 

Sitting 

Kneeling   on 
the  floor 

Sitting  on  chairs 

36,080,295 
$89,860,205 
52,123,310 

Eating 

Food  already 
prepared  and 
taken    with 

Knives  and 
forks  used  on  the 
table  to  cut  food 

44,589,548 
$96,712,858 

Dressing 

chop  sticks 
Loose     and 

Tightly     fi  1  1  e  d 

mnted,  at 

'   tied  by 

and  buttoned 

$95-96,  to 

sashes 

Bridegroom  goes 

:he   latest 
^,786,291. 

Marriage 

Bride  goes  to 
bridegroom's 
home    where 

to  bride's  home, 
where     wedding 
ceremony    takes 

iad  of  the 

wedding  cere- 

place,     or    new 

16 


OLD  AND  NEW  JAPAN 


Mourning 
Color 


mony  takes 
place;  no  re- 
ligious cere- 
mony; swear- 
ing in  the 
heart  of  each 
White 


couple  set  off  for 
honeymoon;  re- 
ligious cere- 
mony; swearing 
before  God  and 

witnesses 
Black 


With  us,  for  instance,  marriage  is 
arranged  by  friends  or  relatives  of  the 
bride  and  bridegroom.  Direct  pro- 
posal and  acceptance  or  refusal  would 
be  considered  quite  improper.  Which 
is  right  ?  I  cannot  say  ! 

I  will  not  say  anything  more  con- 
cerning this  subject,  which  is  better 
discussed  and  criticised  by  foreigners 
than  by  us,  for  the  fear  that  we  cannot 
be  impartial. 

The  religion  most  prevalent  in  Japan 
is  Buddhism,  which  is  divided  into 
many  different  sects.  The  people  of 
the  low  class  are  often  very  enthusias- 
tic and  eyen  fanatic.  Among  the  peo- 
ple of  higher  classes  the  doctrine  of 
Confucius  is  also  very  much  respected, 
and  in  many  cases  regarded  with  relig- 
ious scrupulousness.  The  followers  of 
Christianity  are  comparatively  very 
few,  in  spite  of  glowing  reports  of  for- 
eign missionaries.  On  the  whole,  edu- 
cated Japanese  are  indifferent  to  relig- 
ious belief.  Their  attitude  in  this  re- 
spect is  well  summed  up  by  an  old 
verse :—  • 


"if  the  mind  be  true, without  prayer, 
God  will  guard  us." 

XIV.  CONCLUSION. — The  arrival  of 
Commodore  Perry  of  the  United  States 
navy  at  Uraga,  on  the  13th  of  July 
1853,  resulted  in  the  opening  of  Japan, 
and  thus  marked  the  dawn  of  a  new 
era  in  its  history.  Modern  Japan  in 
reality  dated  from  this  memorable  eyent. 

A  hitherto  exclusive  and  isolated 
Island  Empire  was  opened  to  the  out- 
side world  through  the  efforts  of 
America.  It  is  natural  that  we  look 
upon  this  country  with  a  feeling  differ- 
ent from  that  which  we  have  towards 
others.  Neither  do  we  forget  the 
kind  offices  of  this  government  during 
the  long  period  of  political  and  diplo- 
matic troubles  immediately  preceding 
and  following  the  restoration. 

Then  the  relation  of  the  two  coun- 
tries has  always  been  very  cordial.  I 
do  not  recollect  any  instance  which  can 
be  cited  as  showing  that  the  continu- 
ance of  this  friendship  was  ever  threat- 
ened. 

Geographically  speaking  also,  the 
two  countries  are  divided  only  by  an 
ocean.  For  us  you  are  the  nearest 
western  power.  With  this  history, 
and  with  this  geographical  situation, 
let  us  hope  we  may  forever  retain 
our  friendly  relations  which  have  al- 
ready so  long  existed. 


17 


Table  No.   I.     Area  and  Population. 


LONGITUDE  AND  LATITUDE 

1894 

1895 

DIFFERENCE 

Eastern  extremity,  Longitude  E. 

156°32 

156°32 

Western  extremity,  Longitude  W. 

130  44 

119  20 

11   24 

Southern  extremity,  Latitude  S. 

24  14 

21  48 

2   16 

Northern  extremity,  Latitude  N. 

56  56 

56  56 

AREA 

Outline  of  Coasts  (ris) 

7.029 

7.467 

438 

Outline  of  Coasts  (miles) 

17.151 

18.330 

1069 

Area  (square  ri) 

24,794 

27,063 

2269 

Area  (square  miles) 

147,647 

161,157 

13,513 

POPULATION 

Men 

211,121,398 

21,345,750 

Women 

20,688,804 

20,924,970 

TOTAI, 

41,810,202 

42,270,620 

460,418 

Density  of  population   per  square  mile 

283 

286 

3 

Married  couples  per  1000  inhabitants 

182.97 

183.70 

0.73 

(1 ,  2,)    These  decrease;  (3   4  J   These  increases  are  due  to  the  result  of  China-Japan  war. 

5.   These  number  does  not  include  the  population  of  Formosa  and  Pescadero  Island;   the  actual 

information  could  not  yet  be  obtained. 

WEATHER  1894  1895  DIFFER-         MEAN 

ENCE 

Number  of  weather  bureaus  42                    44  2 

Highest  temperature  observed 'in  Tokio.  F.  95  91.24  3.36               93.12 

Lowest  temperature  observed  in  Tokio.  F.  41.5  41.12  0.7               41.8 

Mean  normal  57.24  55.38  1.48               56.31 

CITIES 

Having  more  than  30,000  inhabitants  42                    44  2 

The  largest  Tokio;  its  population  1, 242,224        1,268,930  26,706 


Table  No.  II.     Agriculture.      1894-1895. 


DESIGNATION 

Rice,  square  cho 
Barley,  wheat,  etc.,  square  cho 
Vegetable,  square  cho 
Cotton,  square  cho 
Hemp,  square  cho 
Tobacco,  square  cho 
Indigo  Plant,  square  cho 
Mu-1  berry  tree,  square  cho 
Tea,  square  cho 

Total,  square  cho 

square  ris 
* '       square  mile 
Agricultural    Companies  Number 

Silk  Worm  raising 

Fishing 

Other 

TOTAI, 


CULTIVATED    AREA 

2,77,9227.10 
1,771,162.60 
706,130.00 
30,196.10 
6,923.60 
13,697.80 
18,786.90 
275,395.90 
50,576.30 
5,652,086.30 
4,361.00 
26,165.00 
ott   .Agricultural    Co.  Capital 


31 

23 

64 

118 


122,568 
376,519 
594,106 


18 


Table  No.   III.     Industry.      1894-1895. 

ART    WORKS 

Designation  Porcelain      Lacquer 

Ware 


Work     Bronze  and 

Copper     Work 


Number  of  families 
Number  of  workmen 
Number  of  workmen  per  family 
Total  production 


4,732 

23,726 

5 

$1,601,914 


4,407 

14,092 

3 

$1,252,350 


Number  of  families 
Number  of  Frames 

Number  of  workmen 


Production 


Number  of  Factories 


SILK   AND   COTTON   WEAVING 


Men 
Women 
Total 
Per  house 
Pure  silk 
Cotton 

Mixture  of  silk  and  cotton 
Mixture  of  silk,  cotton  and  hemp 
Total 
MATCH    FACTORIES.     1894. 


995 

4,094 

4 

$352,205 


600,444 

820,585 

48,175 

895,416 

.       943,591 

1.5 

$  12,338,606 

13,587,784 

3,973,673 

1,698,795 

$  30,708,858 


Number  of  Workmen 


203 
7,358 
20,646 
28,004 
$  2,240,369 


Men 
Women 
Total 
Production 

COTTON  SPINNING  MILLS.     1895.   2. 

Number  of  mills  47 

Number  of  Spindles  580,945 

Men  9,550 

Women  31,140 

Total  40,790 

Steam  14,781 

Water  187 

Total  14,968 

1.  Out  of  these  28,004   regular  workmen,  there  are  28,773   persons  more  who  work  at  home 
and  live  on  this  branch  of  industry. 

2.  Those   figures   are   furnished   by  the  Japanese  Union  Cotton  Spinning  Mills.      There   are 
some  others  from  which  we  can  not  get  information. 

INDUSTRIAL  COMPANIES  NUMBER  CAPITAL 


Number  of  Workmen 


Number  of  horse  power 


Raw  silk,  object  of  their  business 

Cotton  spinning 

Weaving 

Mining 

Brewing  and  distilling 

Sugar  refining 

Chemical  products 

Paper 

Printing 

Petrolurn  oil 

Ccral 

Cement 

Electric  lighting 

Others 

Wages  and  Salary 

Workmen  proper    -f  ??7en 

*  Women 

Labor 

Servants  with  Board{  Women 


Total 

Wages 

$0.150 
0.075 
0.120 


158 
53 
48 
30 
38 
7 
15 

;Q 

34 

70 

9 

11 

22 

264 

778 


Average 


$1,032,078 

7,168,298 

1,957,876 

3,617,040 

626,815 

352,652 

605,331 

1,390,240 

288,107 

309,738 

486,832 

633,785 

1,189,596 

2,675,987 

$22,334,384 


Salary 


$1.080 
0.615 


19 


Table  No.  V.    Horse  and  Electric  Cars. 
December  31,   1895. 


Table  No.  VII.  Ships  and  Light-houses 
December  31,  1895. 


1  .     Horse  Cars 
Number  of  Horse  car  companies                        8 
Length  of  rails,  miles                                     33.58 
Number  of  cars                                                   295 
Number  of  horses                                               901 
Income                                                          $222408 
Expenses                                                         122907 
Net  Earnings                                                    99501 
2.     Electric  Cars 
Number  of  Electric  car  companies                     1 
Length  of  Rails                                                  3.70 
Number  of  cars                                                       26 
Income                                                              $15190 
Expenses                                                               8336 
Net  earnings                                                       6854 

Ships                                NO,      .   Ton-       Horse 
nage        power 
1  .    Below  50  tons                     399         6864       4839 
3.    From  50  to  100  tons          154       12123       3587 
3.    From  100  to  500  tons         154       37217       7821 
4.   Above  500  tons                   120     157107     27380 
Total                                827     213311     43627 
2.     Sailing  Ships 
1  .  Japanese  type 
1.    Below  50  kokus  1                 587181               ? 
2.   From  50  to  100  kokus             7969           582092 
3.    From  100  to  500  kokus          8723         1867278 
4.    Above  500  kokus                       668           511517 
Total                                 604941         2960887 
1,  Koku.     7551  cubic  feet. 
2.   European  Type           Number      Tonnage 
1.   Below  50  tons                           495               11766 
2.   From  50  to  100  tons               1J6               10610 
3.   From  100  to  500  tons               67             16,212 
4.   Above  500    tons                          4                2983 
Total                                      702               41471. 
2.    Lighthouses 
Light  ships      Government      96 
-p        •   v,f                                    Private                53 
Lighthouses       Government      96 
Private                53 
Total                                                              298 

For  day                Buoys           g^™"'      47 
Total                                                             69 

Table   No.  VI.     Post  and   Telegraph. 
1895-96. 

1  .     Post  and  Telegraph 
No.  of  Post  Offices           Main  offices            3076 
Branch  Offices          523 
Total                         3599 
No.  Telegraph  Offices     Main  Offices                41 
Branch  Offices            96 
Total                           137 
No.  of  Post  and  Telegraph  offices                    648 
No.  of  letter  boxes                                          35023 
No.  letters,  postal  cards,  papers, 
parcels  etc  .                                         44807  1  687 
No.  per  head  of  population                           10.43 
Income     .                                            $4195524 
Expenses                                                 2905530 
Earnings                                                 1289994 
Length  of  Postal     Roads,  miles                   28250 
lines                   Railroads,  miles              2239 
River  lines,  miles              179 
Steamer  lines,  miles     24271 
In  Japan        No.  of  Telegrams                 9097102 
No.  per  1  00  of  population       18.  59 
Inter-          No.  of  telegrams  sent            148071 
national         No.  of  telegrams  received     165053 
Length 
of  tele-         Lines,  miles                                9470 
graphic 
lines               Wires,  miles                              29798 
2.     Telephone 
Number  of  central  stations;  Tokio,               .     4 
Yokohama,  Osaka,  Kobe 
Number  of  telephone  Offices                             24 
Number  of  subscribers                                    2858 
Income                                                            $71215 
Expenses                                                          45058 
Net  Earnings                                                     26153 
Length  of  telephone  lines                            177.51 
Length  of  telephone  wires                        2156.18 

Table  No.  VIII.  Exports  and  Imports. 
1891-95. 

E  x  cess 
Year             Exports           Imports             of    Im- 
ports or 
Exports 
With  Foreign  Countries 

1895               68093164           69337421           *1  244257 
1894               56654498           60838631           *4  184  133 
1893               45209954           44677669               532285 
1892               45589276           37976172            7613104 
1891               39797766           31970566             7872200 

With  the  United  States 

1895               27014475             4638180          22376295 
1894               21661778             5491299           16170499 
1893                13869729             3045204           10824525 
1892               19337485             2994027           16343468 
1891                14897877             3420024            11477853 
*    This  sign  denotes  excess  of  imports  over 
exports. 

20 


Table  No.  IX.     1.     Banks  and  Insurance  Companies       1895-96. 

First  Banks                                   Number  Capital  Reserve 

Bank  of  Japan  1                      $11250000  $  4175000 

Specie  Bank  1                         2750000  2010000 

National  Banks  133                      24475550  8219976 

Private  Banks  792                       24983630  2854672 

Savings  Banks  92                          944677  52210 

Total  1019                    $64403857  $17311858 

Second  Insurance  Companies 

Life  Insurance  Companies  9                          360500  1390828 

Main  and  Branch  Offices  1828 

Fire  Insurance  Companies  4                          899954  80973 

Main  and  Branch  Offices  693 

Marine  Insurance  Companies  3                         1050000  181000 

Main  and  Branch  Offices  427 

Total-  $  2310454  $  1652801 

2.      COMMERCIAL  AND  EXPRESS  COMPANIES.       1895-96. 

First.     Commercial  Companies  Number  Capital 

Cloth,  Drapery, etc.  27  '  $     407841 

Cotton  5  243000 

Merchandise  Warehouse  38  474930 

Import  and  Export  12  457500 

Loan  232  1947925 

Insurance                                                                             .'  56  1879290 

Others  628  4596949 

Total  998  $10007435 

Second.     Express  Companies 

Transportation  by  water  [sea,river  etc,-]'                   ,  81  $  6943655 

Transportation  by  Land,  Railroad  32  37986696 

Others  97  1349785 

Total  210  $46280136 


Table  N.Q. 

Designation 


X-.    Schools  Kot  Belonging  to  the  Government.     Dec.  31,  1894. 


No.  of 


No.  of  Teachers 


No.  of  Pupils         No.  of  Pupils  per  1000 


hools 

Men 

Women 

Total 

Boys 

Girls 

Total 

Popu- 

lation 

1.98 

402 

402 

8163 

6812 

14975 

0.36 

24046 

58337 

4678 

63035 

2340975 

1160096 

3501071 

82.52 

84 

1185 

20 

1205 

23215 

346 

23562 

0.55 

47 

590 

48 

638 

5025 

779 

5804 

0.14 

86 

1288 

5 

1293 

15696 

117 

15813 

0.37 

13 

79 

74 

153 

2026 

2026 

0.05 

1352 

2758 

730 

3488 

52193 

16509 

68702 

1.62 

il 

85 

.61 

Kindergartens  a 

Primary  and  Grammar  Schools  a 

High  Schools  a 

Normal  Schools  a 

Special  and  Technical  Schools  1 

Girls  High  Schools  2 

Miscellaneous  Schools  2 

Total 

a.     One  of  each  belongs  to  the  Government. 

2.     The  standard  of  these  schools  is  higher  than  that  of  the  High  Schools. 

2.     The  standard  of  these  schools  is  lower  than  that  of  the  High  Schools. 


Table  No.   XI. 


Designation 


University   Colleges,  Schools    Belonging  to  the   Government 
December  ai,   1895. 

Number  of  professors  and  Teachers.  Number  of  Students 

Japanese  General    private 

Men    Women   Foreign  Total  Students  Students    Total 


Educational  Department 
Imperial  University.  Tokio  \dff 

High  Normal  School  33 

Normal  Schools,  annexed  to  fee  High 

Normal  School  18 

Schools  of  MUBIC  annexed  to  the  High 

Normal  Schools  1 J 

Girls  High  Normal  School  18 

Girls  High  School,  annexed  to  the  Girls 


163 
34 

19 

17 
22 


126 
116 


97 


1494 
87 

47 

22 
3 


1620 
203 

47 

42 
100 


21 


High  Normal  School 

3 

10 

13 

322 

322 

7. 

High  Commercial  Schools 

3 

4 

7 

6 

369 

375 

8. 

Colleges,  seven  in  number 

268 

11 

279 

4289 

4289 

9. 

School  of  Industry  at  Tokio 

51 

51 

82 

311 

393 

10. 

School  of  fine  art  at  Tokio 

35 

35 

201 

201 

11. 

School  of  deaf  and  dumb  at  Tokio 

9 

9 

6 

16 

la 

326 

29 

12. 

School  of  Agriciilture  of  Sapporo 

22 

22 

47 

1643 

a       33 

Imperial  Household 

13. 

School  of  Nobles 

66 

3 

69 

700 

700 

14. 

Noble  Girls  School 

16 

20 

36 

347 

346 

War  Department 

15. 

War  College 

15 

15 

17 

17 

16. 

School  of  Artillery  and  Engineering 

27 

27 

76 

70 

17. 

Military  Academy 

107 

2 

161 

576 

2 

378 

18. 

Military  Preparatory  School 

52 

288 

12 

300 

19. 

School  of  Instructions 

41 

41 

49 

49 

20. 

School  of  non-commissioned  officers 

201 

201 

982 

903 

21. 

School  of  instruction  for  officers  of 

General  Staff  Department  1 

7 

7 

22. 

Others 

92 

92 

2398 

14 

2412 

Navy  Department 

23. 

War  College 

20 

1 

21 

8 

8 

24. 

Naval  Academy 

48 

1 

49 

72 

72 

25. 

School  of  Engineering 

48 

1 

109 

109 

Post  and  Telegraph  Department 

26. 

Commercial  Naval  Academy  of  Tokio 

8 

8 

153 

46 

199 

27. 

of  Osaka 

annexed  to  the  above  academy 

4 

4 

168 

168 

28. 

Commercial  Naval  Academy  of  Hakodate 

annexed  to  the  above  academy 

3 

3 

102 

102 

29. 

School  of  Post  and  Telegraph  of  Tokio 

9 

9 

328  ' 

328 

*  Total 

1414 

40         41 

1495 

3451 

8254 

11705 

98  a 

745  a 

843  a 

Grand  Total 

141'4 

40         41 

1495 

3549 

8999 

12548 

a.  Women.     1.  Students  were  taken  away  during 

the  war.     *Total 

number 

of  schools,  42, 

,    1895. 

Table  No.   IV.     Railroad.     December  31,    1896. 


Number  of  large  private  railroad  companies 

Government 


Length  of  Railroads 


25  large  companies 
And  Others 

Total 


25 

593.27 
386.30 

1,697.24 
982.15 

2,290.51 


Number  of  Locomotives 
Number  of  Cars 


Passengers 
Baggage 
Number  of  Passengers 

Number  of  baggage  and  merchandise,  in  tons 

Income 
Expenses 
Net  earnings 


In  service,  miles 
Under  construction,  miles 
In  service,  miles 
Under  construction,  miles 
In  service,  miles 
Under  construction,  miles  1,368.45 

522.00 

1,943.00 

7,391.00 

48,271,869.00 

5,293,840.00 

$9393397,00 

3831783.00 

5616140.05 


Table  No.  XII.     Effective  Military  Force.     Dec.  31,  1895. 


Designation 

War  Department,  etc 
Military  Academy,  etc 

Military  Divisions 
Imperial    Guard 


Military  personnel 

General  Offi-        Non-  Enlisted  Conrt  Grand 

and  field  cers  com'sd    Cadets  Men                 Total      Em-  Total 

Officers  Officers  ployes 

197  416         353           119  IO85       787  1872 

47  204         374         2015  53  2694       169  2863 

48  368         776              14  6880  HO86         20  8106 


22 


First  Division,  Tokio 
Second  Division,  Sendai 
Third  Division,  Nagoya 
Fourth  Division,  Osaka 
Fifth  Division,  Hiroshima 
Sixth  Division,  Kumamato 
Department  of  National  Police 
Department  of  Militia  of  Yezo 
Auxiliary  Corps 
Reserves 
Territorial  Army 
Total 

63         524       1179 
75         672       2044 
55         469       1020 
62         573       1  052 
65         487       1053 
59         540       1477 
1  1           52         439 
7         113         299 
82         335         682 
114         683       5336 
80         293       5056 
965       5729       21140 

75 
48 
29 
28 
26 
43 

2397 

8426           10267       202 
20196           23033         29 
7298             8871        139 
8476           10191         30 
7205             8836       126 
8280           10390       135 
545              1047         10 
3572             3991          36 
1999         30 

154343       165903 
229273       295504     1713 

10469 
104 
9010 
10221 
8902 
10534 
1057 
4028 
1129 

165909 
297217 

Table   No.    XIII.     Strength    of   the    Regular    Army,    and    of    the 
militia  forces  of  the  United  States.     National  Guard. 

OFFICERS                                               ENLISTED  MEN 
Major  Brig'r    Col's    Capts      Total    Non-Corn-    Privates      Total 
Gen     Gener-    ijeut.  ijeuts    Com-    missioned        etc.        Enlisted 
erals        als      Majors                  mis-       Officers 
Reg't'l                  sioned 
Staff 
Commanding  Army                 1                                                1 
Commanding  Dep'ments       26                                      8 
Staff  Corps   "                                     10      218         294         522         750         1393           2143 
Cavalrv                                                            70        360        430       1050        5120          6170 
Artillery                                                         35         245         280        785         3420           4205 
Infantry                                                         125         750        875       1925       11200         13125 

organized 

Cadets     Grand 

1 
8 
2665 
6600 

4485 
14000 

Military  Academy 

214 

350 

564 

Total  Regular  Army 

3 

16 

448 

1649 

2116 

4510 

21133 

25857 

350 

28323 

National  Guard 

Figures 

unobtainable 

9227 

Figures 

103652 

15600* 

1  28479 

unobtainable 

Total 


11343 


129509     15950     156802 


Besides  the  officers  in  the  War  Department  and  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  serving  at 
independent  schools,  depots  and  arsenals,  the  force  of  the  Regular  Army  is  divided  in  eight  de- 
partments, each  commanded  by  a  General  Officer,  the  strength  of  which,  on  August  31,  1897, 
was  as  follows: 


General  Officer, 

Officers  of  the 

Enlisted 

Department 

Aids,  and  Staff 

L,ine 

Men 

Total 

Corps 

East 

60 

480 

6722 

7262 

Missouri 

41 

288 

4098 

4427 

Dakota 

29 

167 

2406 

2602 

Colorado 

32 

216 

3061 

3309 

Platte 

21 

194 

2655 

2870 

Texas 

20 

116 

1774 

1910 

California 

20 

92 

1469 

1581 

Columbia 

22 

101 

1357 

1480 

^Students  at  schools  and 

colleges  receiving 

military  instruction 

from  Army  Officers. 

Table  No.   XVI.     Personnel  of  the  U.  S.  Navy. 

OFFICERS  ON  THE  ACTIVE  LIST 
Line 

Engineer  Corps 
Medical  Corps 
Pay  Corps 
Naval  Constructors 
Chaplains 

Professors  of  Mathematics 
Civil  Engineers 
Graduate  Naval  Cadets,  Warrant  Officers  and  Mates 

Total 

Petty  officers,  seamen  and  other  enlisted  men 
Seamen  apprentices 
Total  Officers  and  men  of  U.  S.  Navy 

Petty  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Naval  reserve  [Naval  militia] 
Total  effective  Naval  force 


727 

183 

170 

96 

37 

27 

12 

13 

265 

1526 

11000 

1200 

13726 

3703 

17429 


23 


Table  No.   XIV.     Effective  Naval  Force.    Naval  Personnel. 


Designation 

Flag  and    Officers    warrant    Cadets    Sea- 
Command-      and           and        at  Naval  men 
ins:           Cadets        petty    Academy 

Total 

Civil 
em- 
ployes 

Grand 
Total 

Officers 

Officers 

N  ivy  Department 

66 

96 

40 

20 

222 

369 

587 

Naval  Academy 

14 

39 

44         189' 

50 

349 

87 

652 

Navy  Yard  of  Yokoska 

29 

121 

429          31 

2148 

2754 

269 

3023 

Navy  Yard  of  Kure 

17 

73 

233 

1486 

1809 

189 

1998 

Navy  Yard  of  Sasebo 

19 

94 

331 

.   2026 

2470 

230 

.  2700 

Personnel  on  Sea  Duty 

24 

173 

392 

1734 

2323 

2323 

Personnel  on  Shore  Duty 

41 

361    ' 

872   ' 

3290 

4564 

4564 

Reserves 

75 

38 

65 

1497 

1675 

1675 

Second  Reserves 

27 

32 

29 

894 

978 

978 

Total 

312 

1027 

2427       220 

13154 

17140 

1140 

18280 

Table  No  XVII.     Material  of  the  U.  S.  Navy. 


Class  of  Vessel 


First  Class  Battleships 

Second  Class  Battleships 

Armored  Cruisers 

Armored  Rams 

Double  Turreted  Monitors 

Single  Turreted  Monitors 

Total  Armored  Vessels 

Protected  Cruisers 

Cruisers 

Gunboats 

Special  Class 

Torpedo  Boat  Destroyers 

Torpedo  Boats 

Iron  Steam  Cruisers  of  old  type 

Wooden  Cruisers  of  old  type 

Wooden  Sailing  Sloops 

Total  unarmored  vessels 

Total  armored  vessels 

Grand  Total 


No.  in  com- 
mission or 
ready    for 
service 


4 
2 
2 

1 
6 

15 
8 
3 
15 
2 

8 
3 

7 
3 

49 

15 

64 


Displace.- 

ment  %' 

stores, 

etc. 

Tons 
42204 
12997 
17415 
2155 
26104 

100875 
38557 

6267 
18970 

2415 

1082 

3075 

11490 

4150 

86006 

100875 

186881 


No.  under 
repairs  or 
building  or 
in  reserve 


13 
18 
5 

1 
1 

4 
11 

1 


24 
18 
42 


Displace- 
ment  % 
stores 
etc. 

Tons 
57625 


25500 
83125 
19652 

1000 
1175 
1095 
1233 
1020 
2790 

27965 

83125 

111090 


Total  No. 
of  vessels 
6f  class 

Total 
dis- 
place- 
ment of 

class 

Tons 

9 

99829 

2 

12997 

2 

17415 

1 

2155 

6 

26104 

13 

25500 

33 

184000 

13 

58209 

3 

6267 

'    16 

19970 

3 

3590 

4 

1095 

19 

2315 

4 

4095 

8 

14280 

3 

4150 

73 

113971 

33 

184000 

106 

297971 

Besides  the  above  there  are  20  vessels  of  various  sizes  from  1000  to  5000  tons  displacement, 
which  are  unfit  for  sea  service  but  used  as  receiving  ships,  training  ships,  etc. 


Table  No.  XVIII.     Revenue  and  Expenditure. 

FIRST.     EXPENDITURE 

First,  Expenditure  [ordinary]  1 896-97 

Imperial  Household  and  Shinto  Temple  $  1603392 

Public  Debt  Repayment  3675642 

Public  Debt  Interest  aud  Other  Charges  1 1404024 

Pensions  1680186 
Famine  Relief  Fund 
Imperial  Diet 

Imperial  Cabinet  and  Privy  Council  230934 

Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  527703 

Department  of  the  Interior  705993 

Department  of  Finance  4579971 

Department  of  War  12058405 

Department  of  the  Navy  3915402 

Department  of  Justice  1742408 

Department  of  Education  730409 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce 

Department  of  Communication  577889 

Department  of  Colonial  affairs  $      70660 


24 


Chamber  of  Auditors 

Court  of  Administrative  Litigation 

Tokio  Police  Department 

Hokkaido  Government 

Provincial  Government 

Miscellaneous 

Total 

Second  Expenditure  [extraordinary] 
River  Improvement  etc.     Redemption  of  Paper  Money 
Defences 
Miscellaneous' 

Total 

Grand  Total 
SECOND,  RESERVE 
First,  Revenue,  ordinary 
Land  Tax 
Income  Tax 

Excise  and  Licence  on  Sake 
Tobacco  Tax 
Stamp  Duty 

Bank  and  Bourse  Franchise 
Other  Internal  Taxes 
Custom  Duties 

Registration  Fees  and  Charges 
Income  from  Public  Enterprises  and  Properties 
Miscellaneous  Income 
Income  from  Formosa  Island 
Interest  from  Deposits  etc. 

Total 

Second,  Revenue,  Extraordinary 
Sale  of  Public  Properties 
China  Indemnity 
Navy  Loan 
Industrial  Loan 

Transfer  from  the  Special  Reserve  Funds 
Miscellaneous  Income 

Total 

Grand  Total 


73519 

19924 

128902 

516566 

2453298 

1000000 

$48554295 

$1417442 

32709311 

10462795 

$44589584 

$93143843 


$19768466 

717129 

9219939 

1475163 

431003 

402898 

2301416 

3083364 

4402081 

8176633 

359988 

3341118 

600783 

$54279981 

288986 
20046644 

4187250 

5413129 

6144144 

360801 5C 

90360134 


Name  and  Type  of  Vessel. 

Where  Built. 

When  Launched. 

Displacement. 

Speed. 

1st  Class  Battleships. 

Shikishima 

England 

Under  construction 

15000 

22 

Asahi           

15000 

28 

Fuji                                                   

it 

1896 

12500 

18 

44 

1896 

12500 

18 

Total,  4. 
.'.I   Class    Battleships. 

Chin-yuen       .                               

Germany 

1881 

55000 
7335 

14 

Fuso 

England 

1877 

13 

Total.  2. 
Coast  Defenders. 

Itsukushiina  

France 

1889 

U112 
4280 

16 

M  itsushima                                    

1890 

4280 

16 

Hashidate     

Japan 

1891 

4280 

16 

Total,  3. 
1  st  Class  Armoured  Cruisers. 

Yakumo                                         

Germany 

Under  construction 

12840 
9500 

21 

France 

QC/V) 

21 

Assiina                          

England 

•  <              .1 

9500 

21 

Tokiwa 

.1               ii 

Qtnn 

21 

Total,  4. 
•'<!  Class  Uiiarmoured  Cruiser?. 
Kasagi  

United  States 

38000 
4900 

22.5 

Chitose 

it              11 

480(1 

22.5 

Yoshino  

England 

1892 

4220 

22.5 

Takasago 

1897 

4220 

22.5 

Namwa  

«. 

1885 

M710 

19 

Takashiho 

it 

1885 

0710 

19 

Tzunn  

>. 

1878 

2970 

18 

Skitsusu 

japan 

1892 

qirn 

Total,  8. 
3d  Class  1'iiariiioured  Cruisers. 

Sunia  

japan 

1895 

31680 
2700 

20 

Akashi  .  .. 

1897 

2800 

19.5 

Sni-yuen  

Germany 

1883 

2560 

13 

Chiyoda  . 

1890 

2440 

19 

Kon?o  

1877 

2280 

135 

Hi-yei.. 

., 

1877 

2280 

13.5 

Takao  

japan 

1888 

1780 

15 

Tt-urin                               ...  . 

1PJB 

-iccn 

12 

Kainion  

,1 

1882 

1370 

12 

Tsukushi                                     

1883 

1S70 

16 

Katsurayi  

Iai>an 

1885 

1*)00 

13 

\amato 

1885 

icno 

13 

Musashi  

4. 

1886 

1^00 

13 

Total,  13. 
Despatch  Vessels. 

Yaeyama  

1889 

25630 
IfilO 

20 
20 

Mi>ako  

1897 

-        JgQO 

Total,  2. 
Armoured  Gun-boat. 
Hei-yuen         .          

China 

1889 

3410 

01  QA 

12 

Total.  1 
Un  armoured   Gun-boats. 

Tsukuba 

2190 

8 
jj 

Amagi  

1877 

ftM 

10 

Banjo 

1878 

13 

Oshima  

.4 

1891 

flOA 

11 

Atayo 

l% 

1887 

11 

Maya  

4. 

1886 

fi9*2 

11 

Chiokai  

.( 

1887 

ftH 

11 

Akagi  

,4 

1888 

839 

10 

Soko  ,  

China 

186  i 

fiin 

7  5 

Hoshio  

OOt 

g 

Tin-to         

1879 

g 

Tin-Sai 

,, 

1879 

g 

Tin  nan  

.4 

1879 

g 

Tin-Hoku 

,, 

1879 

g 

Titi-chiu  

1879 

440 

g 

Tin-Pen 

|, 

1879 

•  Total,  16. 
Torpedo  Gun-boats. 

Tat«uta 

1894 

10262 

21 

Chihava           

22.5 

Total,  2. 
Torpedo  Catchers. 
Total,   11.  (a) 
Torpedo  Boats. 
Total,  93.  (a) 
Training  Ships. 
Manju  

England  &  Japan 

England,  France 
Germany,  Japan 

Some  in  service, 
others  under  con- 
struction. 

2064 
3850 

4650  (a) 

30 
From  20  to  25 

Kanju  

Japan 

1885 

877 

Tatejama  

1885 

877 

Total,  3. 
Grand  Total.  162. 

1880 

543 

2297 
202985 

(a)  From  memory. 


H.    I.  J.   First-class   Battle  SMp   "  Fuji  " 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


JUNIU'64 

IIIN23  IQfifi  7T 

REC'D  LD^ 

MAY  2  5  '64  -10  ) 

L 

9'66-lPM 

JAN     5  ££s     A 

REC'D 

QEClb'RR-oP* 

mt  • 

LOAN  D£p-p 

MAR  22  196638 

irinix  **       i\/vv  t^  *^ 

«£G'0  1-0 

^p8    '66  -6  Plf 

LD  21A-40m-ll,'63 
(E1602slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


